II – P U C CHEMISTRY IMPORTANT

II – P U C CHEMISTRY

I.METALLURGY;(6M)                                                                                                                                                     1.what is an Ellingham's diagram? What are its salient features?----5M

2.write a note on reducing property of carbon & CO.   ----3M

3.With a neat labeled diagram explain the extraction of cast iron  from calcined    ore? --- 5M*

4.State distribution law.Explain the separation of silver from argentiferrous lead?* --5M

5. Silver oxide (or HgO) is thermodynamically less stable . explain with the help of Ellingham's diagram.  --2M                                                                                                                   

II      INDUSTRIALLY IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS;(6M)

1)With a neat labeled diagram explain the manufacture of   a)ammonia by Haber's process----3M     b)sodium hydroxide by nelsons cell--4M*

 c)sulphuric acid by contact process--4M         d)potassium di chromate—4M

 2) How is conc. Sulphuric acid reacts with  a)PCl₅     b)HCOOH  ------2M

 3)How does potassium di chromate reacts with  a)KCl      b)KOH  ----2M

III.GROUP-18   NOBLE GASES;(3M)

1.Write the general electronic configuration of noble gases.------1M

2.Explain isolation of noble gases from air by Ramsay-Rayleigh's method.3M*

3. How is noble gases are separated from a mixture by Dewar charcoal adsorption method?--3M*

4. How is Xenon converted in to xenonhexafluoroplatinate?-----2M*

IV.d- BLOCK ELEMENTS;(3M)

1. Write the general electronic configuration of transition elements.

2.write the electronic configuration of   a)Cu  b)Cr  c)Fe-----1M

3.Give reason   a) d- block elements forms colored compounds.---2M*

                        b).  d- block elements forms complexes-----2M

V.COORDINATION COMPOUNDS;(8M)

1. What is a complex ion?   -----1M

2. Give an example for a  bidentate ligand.   ----1M

3.Explain   a)linkage isomerism  b)ionisation isomerism c)hydrate isomerism---2M*

4.write the postulates of Werner's theory.   ------3M*

5. calculate the EAN of  a)potassium ferro cyanide    b) cuprammonium sulphate

6. Explain sp³ hybridisation that takes place in Ni(CO)₄    ---4m*

7.Explain d²sp³ hybridisation that takes place in potassium ferro cyanide . --4M*

8. Explain dsp² hybridisation that takes place in  cuprammonium sulphate.--4M*

9.IUPAC nomenclature of a compound-----1M

      VI.CHEMICAL BONDING; ( 6M)

1. Write any four differences between bonding & anti bonding molecular orbitals.---2M

2. Write the molecular orbital electronic configuration of  a)Li₂  b)O₂  ----1M*

3. Account for the non existence of Helium molecule  ----2M*

4.On the basis of LCAO explain the formation of bonding & anti bonding

         molecular    orbitals.----4M

 5.Write the energy level diagram for formation of O₂ molecule  . calculate the               

            bond order. predict on magnetic property.------4M*

 6.What is a metallic bond?---1M

 7.Write a note on electron sea model.-----2M

    VII.CHEMICAL  KINETICS: (7M)

1.What is a   a) second order reaction . Give an ex. 

     b)pseudo unimolecular reaction . Give an ex.       c)zero order reaction . Give an ex. -----2M

2.Derive an expression for the rate constant of a first order reaction .---4M*

3.Show that k=0.693/t_1/2   -2M  *                           (+problems  for two marks )

4.Write the Arrhenius equation & explain the terms.---2M

5.What is meant by   a)threshold energy   b) energy of activation  ---1M

   VIII.ELECTROCHEMISTRY;

1. State Faraday's  a) first law of electrolysis  b) second law of electrolysis  ---2M

2. Write the assumptions of Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation .--4M*

3. Write the merits of Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation –2M

4 Write the limitations   of Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation –2M

5. Explain Brownsted -Lowry concept of an acid & a base with ex.---2M*

6. Explain Lewis concept of an acid & a base with ex.---2M*

7. Writing conjugate acid& base---1M*

8. Problems on PH  ---2M*

9.explain the buffer mechanism of   a)acetic acid – sodium acetate buffer solution    b)ammonium hydroxide- ammonium chloride  buffer solution ---3M*

10.what is common ion effect?---1M*

11.what is solubility product of a sparingly soluble salt?

12.Problems on solubility  (AB type, AB₂ type  and A₂B type  )----2M

13.what is standard hydrogen electrode? How it is constructed?-----4M*

14.what are the limitations of SHE?--2M*

15.explain the working of Daniel cell-----3M

16.problems on calculation of cell potentials  using single electrode potentials-2M

IX.THEORY OF DILUTE SOLUTION (5M)

1. What are colligative properties?---1M

2. Define the term

 a) vapor pressure  b)relative lowering of vapor pressure        c)osmotic pressure--2M

3.  State Raoults law.----2M

4. How is relative lowering of vapor pressure measured by Ostwald's – Walker dynamic method?*

X.CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS: (5M)

1.What is a) entropy  b)a spontaneous process?--1M

2. what is the unit of entropy?---1M

3.state second law of thermodynamics.--1M

4. what is Gibbs free energy?---1M

5. write the equation which relates standard  free energy change& equilibrium constant Kp---2M*           (+problems)*

6.what are the values of ΔH & ΔS for a non spontaneous process?

XI.  COLLOIDS: (4M)

1. Write any four differences between lyophilic & lyophobic sols.---2M

2. How is gold sol prepared by  Bredigs electric arc method?---2M

3.Explain   a)Tyndall effect   b)Brownian movement  c)electrophoresis  ---2M

4. state Hardy-Schulz rule.-----1M

5. what is gold no. ?

XII.SOLID STATE: (3M)

1. Distinguish between crystalline & amorphous solids  ---2m

2.what is    a) a unit cell   b)meant by co ordination no. of a crystalline solid  --1M

3.calculate the no. of particles per unit cell  in

a) body centered cube   

b) face centered cube ---2M

4.  what is meant by radius ratio ?

5. write the structure of  a) sodium chloride  b)cesium chloride---2M

XIII.CONCEPTS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: (2M)

1. explain with example 

a)inductive effect  b)mesomeric effect  c)electromeric effect ----2M

XIV.SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:  (4M)

1.How do you convert   a)methane to ethane ---2M        b)ethane to methane---4M*

                                     c)methanol to ethanol---4M*   d) ethanol to methanol---4M*

XV.ISOMERISM:(4M)

1.Explain optical isomerism with an example---2M

2.Explain geometrical isomerism with an example.---2M

 3. What is a chiral carbon atom ?      1M

XVI.HYDROCARBONS -2  (6M)

1. With the help of Bayer's strain theory explain the stability of cyclo alkanes -3M

2.Elucidate the structure of benzene.----4M

3. explain the mechanism of  a)halogenation      b) nitration                                                                                                    c)sulphonation                           d)Friedel crafts reaction -------4M*

4. Explain Sache-Mohrs theory of strain less rings----2M

XVII.HALO ALKANES:(4M)

1.Explain with example   a) wurtz reaction  b)wurtz- fittigs reaction ---2M

2. Explain SN1 mechanism   of hydrolysis of tertiary butyl bromide ---3M

3. Explain SN2 mechanism   of hydrolysis of  methyl bromide  ------3M

XVIII.ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN: (12M)

1. How is phenol manufactured by cumene  process?--2M

2. Explain   a) Kolbes reaction   b)Reimer-Tiemanns reaction—2M

3. Explain Aldol condensation with an example.---2M

4.Explain  a) Perkin's reaction   b)Cannizzaro's reaction----2M

5.Explain the mechanism of Cannizzaro's reaction ----3M

6. How is acetic acid manufactured from methyl magnesium iodide ?---2M

7. Explain how the relative strength of acetic acid, chloro acetic acid, di & tri chloro acetic acids.--2M

XIX.AMINES: (3M)

1. How is acetamide converted in to methanamine?--2M

2. what is the action of acetyl chloride on ethanamine?---2M

3. Write a note on relative basicity of ammonia , methyl ammine, ethyl ammine & aniline----3M

XX.CARBOHYDRATES: (3M)

1. What are  a) monosaccharides  b)oligo saccharides  c) poly saccharides—1M

2. Write the Howarths structure of  a) a- D- glucose b)  ß- D- Glucose c)a- D-fructopyranose                    d)   ß- D-fructopyranose  f)a- D-fructofuranose g)   ß- D-fructofuranose  h)sucrose  i)maltose---2M

XXI.OILS & FATS:  (3M)

1. Write the general formula of tri glycerides ---2M

2.what is saponification ? Give an example.2M

3.what is rancidity? How it is prevented?---2M

4. How is oils are refined?---2M

5.what are drying oils ? Give an example.

6. what is iodine value?---1M

XXII.AMINO ACIDS & PROTEINS: (3M)

1. What is   a)a zwitter ion     b) iso- electric point? ---1M

2. what is a tri peptide ?how many amino acid molecules & peptide bonds are present in a tri peptide?---2M  

QUESTIONS ON PRACTICAL PART FOR TEN MARKS     (very ,. Imp.)

1. How is m-dinitro benzene prepared from nitro benzene?---3M

2. How is p- bromoacetanilide prepared from acetanilide?---3M

3. Explain   a) Molisch test   b) Benedicts test  c)Seliwanoff's test   d)Acrolin test e)Biuret test  f)xanthoprotic acid test  g)Millon test---2M

4. Estimate the mass of KMnO₄  present in one litre  of given solution using standard oxalic acid solution . ----5M

5.Estimate the mass of KMnO₄  present in one litre  of given solution using standard ferrous ammonium sulphate  solution . ----5M

6. Estimate the mass of    ferrous ammonium sulphate  solution present in one litre  of given solution using standard K₂Cr₂O₇  solution . ----5M

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS-II P.U.C.- PHYSICS

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS-II P.U.C.- PHYSICS

I. GEOMETRICAL OPTICS:
1.Obtain an expression for the lateral shift produced by a rectangular glass slab due to refraction
through it? (5M)------+problem
2.What is a normal shift? Obtain an expression for the normal shift produced an object
in denser medium viewed from rarer medium? ( 5M)-------- +problem
3.Write an expression for R.I. In terms of A&D. Of a prism. (2M)
4.Define dispersive power & obtain an expression for it. (4M)
5.Derive the relation connecting n, u v& R for a refraction at a spherical surface for a point
object in a denser medium producing a virtual image.(5M) --- +problem
6.Derive the lens makers formula. (5M)
II. PHYSICAL OPTICS:
1. What is the interference of light? State the condition of constructive & destructive interference in terms
of path difference. (5M)
2. Obtain an expression for interference fringe width in a double slit experiment.(5M)
3. Distinguish between Fresnel & Fraunhofer diffraction of light.(2M)
4.Distinguish between interference & diffraction of light.(2M)
5.State & explain Rayleigh's criteria of limit of resolution .(4M)
6. Write an expression for resolving power of microscope .(2M)
7. Write an expression for limit of resolution &resolving power of telescope .(4M)- +problem
8.Define polarisation of light. Show that reflected & refracted rays are perpendicular to
each other at the polarising angle of incident.(5M)------ +problems
III. ELECTROSTATICS:
1.Distinguish between electric intensity & potential. (2M)
2.State Coulomb's law in electrostatics (2M)
3.State Gauss theorem. Obtain an expression for electric field at any point near the surface
of the charged conductor using Gauss theorem. (5M)
4. State Gauss theorem. Obtain an expression for electric field at any point near the spherical
charged conductor using Gauss theorem. (5M) ------ + problem
5. Derive an expression for the electric potential at a point due to a point charge.(5M) + problem
6. What is capacitance of a capacitor.? (2M)
7. How does capacitance of parallel plate capacitor depends.
8. Obtain an expression for effective capacitance of three capacitors in series or parallel.(5M) +problems

IV. CURRENT ELECTRICITY:
1. State Ohms law. mension its limitations. 2M
2 What is a thermistor? How does resistance of a thermistor vary temp. ?2M
3.Mension two applications of a thermistor?.2M
4. derive the expression for branch currents when two resistors are in parallel. 2M +problems
5. Obtain an expression for the effective resistance of three resistors in parallel . 5M +problems
4. Obtain an expression for the current in a resistance connected across a battery 2M
5. State the Kirchhoffs' laws . 2M
6. Draw the circuit diagrame of Wheatstone's network. Mension its balanced condition.2M
7. obtain the condition for balance of a wheatstone network by applying Kirchhoffs' laws 5M +problems
8. state reduction factor of tangent galvanometer.2M
9. state & explain Laplace law.5M +problems
10. Give the theory of T.G 5M +problems
11. Obtain an expression for the magnetic field at any point on the axis of a circular coil carrying
current.5M +problems
12. Write an expression for the force between two conductors carrying currents. 2M
13. Give the expression for torch on a current acting on a current loop kept in a magnetic field. 2M
14. Give the theory of moving coil galvanometer. 5M +problems
15. How is galvanometer converted in to an ammeter & a voltmeter. 5M +problems
16. State & explain Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction . 5M
17. State self induction of a coil . Mension its unit. 2M
18. What is meant by impedance of A.C circuit 2M +problems
19. Derive an expression for the alternating e,m,f. When a coil is rotating in a uniform magnetic field. 5M
20. Show that the voltage leads the current by π/2 in A.C circuit containing pure inductance. 5M
+problems
21. W hat is resonance in an A C circuit ?2M
22. . Derive an expression for current in an AC circuit containing series LCR elements. 5M +problems
23. Explain the terms self induction & mutual induction
V. MODEREN PHYSICS
1.Define the term threshold wavelength & stopping potential. (2M)
2.Derive an expression for Einstein's photoelectric equation (5M) +problems
3. Give experimental observed facts of photoelectric effect (5M)
4.Mension two uses of photocell. 2M
5.State & explain postulates of Bohr's theory of Hydrogen atom. 5M
6. derive an expression for the energy of electron in the nth Bohr orbit of the hydrogen atom. 5M +problems

7.Obtain an expression for the velocity & radius of the electron in the nth Bohr orbit of the
hydrogen atom. 5M +problems
8. derive an expression for the frequency of electron in the Bohr hydrogen atomic model. 5M +problems
9.What are the characteristics of nuclear force.2M
10. Explain the characteristics of a nucleus with reference to its size, charge, density & mass 5M
11. Give Einstein's mass energy relation 2M
12. Explain the term mass defect & binding energy curve. 5M +problems
13. distinguish between nuclear fission & nuclear fussion. 5M
14. What is radioactivity? Name the types of radioactive radiations. 2M
15. Give the properties of α ,β & γ rays.
16. Define half life period & mean life? 2M +problems
17. State Soddys group displacement laws 5M
18. State & explain laws of radioactive decay. Deduce an expression for the no. of atoms of radioactive
element at any instant of time . 5M +problems
19. Classify conductor, semi conductor & insulator on the basis of band theory of solid 5M
20. Distinguish between intrinsic & extrinsic semiconductors.2M
21. Distinguish between p- type & n-type semiconductors. 2M
22. What is rectification? Explain with a circuit diagram the working of diode as full wave rectifier. 5M
23. What is rectifier? Explain with a circuit diagram the working of diode as half wave rectifier. 5M
24. What is a transistor? Explain the action of a NPN transistor as an amplifier .5M
25. Distinguish between PNP & NPN transistor.